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Illicit drugs and alcohol

Annotated bibliography of 'pathways theory' of drug use

Compiled by Paul Williams and Tessa Piagno

Introduction

The Pathways Theory of drug use describes a developmental progression from early initiation into and (mis)use of licit drugs such as alcohol and tobacco through the so-called 'soft' drugs which include cannabis and hallucinogens, and finally to the so-called 'hard' drugs such as heroin and cocaine. Allied theories include Gateway and Stepping Stones. This bibliography comprises abstracts of research papers on the three allied theories sourced in January 2001 from publicly available electronic databases, principally:

The compilation of the bibliography was assisted in part, by a National Illicit Drugs Strategy grant (NIDS015) from the National Health and Medical Research Council.

Contents

Click on the entry to display a fuller record.

  1. Aarons, G. A., Brown, S. A., Coe, M. T., Myers, M. G., Garland, A. F., Ezzet-Lofstram, R., Hazen, A. L. & Hough, R. L. (1999), Adolescent alcohol and drug abuse and health'
  2. Apsler, R. & Blackman, C. (1979), Adults' drug use: relationship to perceived drug use of parents, friends while growing up, and present friends
  3. Au, J. G. & Donaldson, S. I. (2000), Social influences as explanations for substance use differences among Asian-American and European-American adolescents
  4. Bailey, S. L. (1992), Adolescents' multisubstance use patterns: The role of heavy alcohol and cigarette use
  5. Barnes, G. M. & Welte, J. W. (1983), Predictors of alcohol use among college students in New York State
  6. Bauman, A. & Phongsavan, P. (1999), Epidemiology of substance use in adolescence: Prevalence, trends and policy implications
  7. Best, D., Rawaf, S., Rowley, J., Floyd, K., Manning, V. & Strang, J. (2000), Drinking and smoking as concurrent predictors of illicit drug use and positive drug attitudes in adolescents
  8. Binion, A. Jr., Mille, C. D., Beauvais, F. & Oetting, E. R. (1988), Rationales for the use of alcohol, marijuana, and other drugs by eighth-grade native American and Anglo youth
  9. Blaze-Temple, D. & Lo, S. K. (1992), Stages of drug use: A community survey of Perth teenagers
  10. Blumberg, H. H. & Crow, I. (1978), The epidemiology of nonmedical drug use
  11. Boyle, M. H. & Offord, D. R. (1986), Smoking, drinking and use of illicit drugs among adolescents in Ontario: prevalence, patterns of use and sociodemographic correlates
  12. Bravender, T. & Knight, J. R. (1998), Recent patterns of use and associated risks of illicit drug use in adolescents
  13. Brook, J. S., Kessler, R. C. & Cohen, P. (1999), The onset of marijuana use from preadolescence and early adolescence to young adulthood
  14. Carroll, M. E. (1993), The economic context of drug and non-drug reinforcers affects acquisition and maintenance of drug-reinforced behavior and withdrawal effects
  15. Challier, B., Chau, N., Predine, R., Choquet, M. & Legras, B. 2000, 'Associations of family environment and individual factors with tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drug use in adolescents
  16. Chen, K., & Kandel, D. B. (1998), Predictors of cessation of marijuana use: An event history analysis
  17. Chen, K. & Kandel, D. B. (1995), The natural history of drug use from adolescence to the mid-thirties in a general population sample
  18. Chou, P., Liou, M. Y., Lai, M. Y., Hsiao, M. L. & Chang, H. J. (1999), Time trend of substance use among adolescent students in Taiwan, 1991-1996
  19. Clayton, R. R. & Ritter, C. (1985), The epidemiology of alcohol and drug abuse among adolescents
  20. Coombs, R. H., Fawzy, F. I. & Gerber, B.E. (1986), Patterns of cigarette, alcohol, and other drug use among children and adolescents: A longitudinal study
  21. Cousineau, D., Savard, M. & Allard, D. (1993), Illicit drug use among adolescent students: A peer phenomenon?
  22. Dee, T. S. (1999), The complementarity of teen smoking and drinking
  23. Degenhardt, L., Lynskey, M. & Hall, W. (2000), Cohort trends in the age of initiation of drug use in Australia
  24. DeWit, D. J. (1998), Frequent childhood geographic relocation: Its impact on drug use initiation and the development of alcohol and other drug-related problems among adolescents and young adults
  25. DeWit, D. J., Offord, D. R. & Wong M. (1997), Patterns of onset and cessation of drug use over the early part of the life course
  26. Donnermeyer, J. F. & Huang, T. C. (1991), Age and alcohol, marijuana and hard drug use
  27. Dorn, N. (1975), Functions and varieties of explanations of recreational drug use
  28. Duncan, S. C., Duncan, T. E. & Hops, H. (1998), Progressions of alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use in adolescence
  29. Duncan, S.C., 'Strycker, L. A. & Duncan, T. E. (1999), Exploring associations in developmental trends of adolescent substance use and risky sexual behavior in a high-risk population
  30. Ellickson, P. L. & Hays, R. D. (1990-91), Beliefs about resistance self-efficacy and drug prevalence: Do they really affect drug use?
  31. Ellickson, P. L., Hays, R. D. & Bell, R. M. (1992), Stepping through the drug use sequence: Longitudinal scalogram analysis of initiation and regular use
  32. Engels, R. C., Knibbe, R. A. & Drop, M. J. (1997), Inconsistencies in adolescents' self-reports of initiation of alcohol and tobacco use
  33. Erickson, P.G. (1993), The law, social control, and drug policy: Models, factors, and processes
  34. Everett, S. A., Giovino, G. A., Warren, C. W., Crossett, L. & Kann, L. (1998), Other substance use among high school students who use tobacco
  35. Flay, B. R. & Petraitis, J. (1991), Methodological issues in drug use prevention research: Theoretical foundations
  36. Fleming, J. P., Kellam, S. G. & Brown, C. H. (1982), Early predictors of age at first use of alcohol, marijuana, and cigarettes
  37. Fleming, R., Leventhal, H., Glynn, K. & Ershler, J. (1989), The role of cigarettes in the initiation and progression of early substance use
  38. Galanti, L. M., Manigart, P. & Dubois, P. (1998), Tobacco smoking and alcohol and drug consumption in a large, young healthy population
  39. Golub, A. & Johnson, B. D. (1994), The shifting importance of alcohol and marijuana as gateway substances among serious drug abusers
  40. Gould, L. C., Berberian, R. M., Kasl, S. V., Thompson, W. D. & Kleber, H. D. (1977), Sequential patterns of multiple-drug use among high school students
  41. Graham, N. (1997), A test of magnitude: Does the strength of predictors explain differences in drug use among adolescents?
  42. Grant, B. F. & Dawson, D. A. (1997), Age at onset of alcohol use and its association with DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: Results from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey
  43. Gray, N.L. 1993, 'The relationship of cigarette smoking and other substance use among college students
  44. Greene, B.T. (1980), Sequential use of drugs and alcohol: A reexamination of the stepping-stone hypothesis
  45. Han, C., McGue, M. K. & Iacono, W. G. (1999), Lifetime tobacco, alcohol and other substance use in adolescent Minnesota twins: Univariate and multivariate behavioral genetic analyses
  46. Hanna, E. Z. & Grant, B. F. (1999), Parallels to early onset alcohol use in the relationship of early onset smoking with drug use and DSM-IV drug and depressive disorders: Findings from the National Longitudinal Epidemiologic Survey
  47. Harrison, P. A., Fulkerson, J. A. & Park, E. (2000), The relative importance of social versus commercial sources in youth access to tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs
  48. Hay, D. A. (1999), A multivariate regression analysis of adolescent multiple drug use in two western Canadian provinces
  49. Henningfield, J. E., Clayton, R. & Pollin, W. (1990), Involvement of tobacco in alcoholism and illicit drug use
  50. Jessup, M. (1996), Nicotine: a gateway drug?
  51. Joe, G. W. & Hudiburg, R. A. (1978), Behavioral correlates of age at first marijuana use
  52. Johnson, P. B., Boles, S. M. & Kleber, H. D. (2000), The relationship between adolescent smoking and drinking and likelihood estimates of illicit drug use
  53. Johnson, P. B., Boles, S. M., Vaughan, R. & Kleber, H. D. (2000), The co-occurrence of smoking and binge drinking in adolescence
  54. Johnson, R.A. & Gerstein, D.R. (1998), Initiation of use of alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, cocaine, and other substances in US birth cohorts since 1919
  55. Johnson, V. (1988), Adolescent alcohol and marijuana use: A longitudinal assessment of a social learning perspective
  56. Kandel, D. & Faust, R. (1975), Sequence and stages in patterns of adolescent drug use
  57. Kandel, D., Single, E. & Kessler, R. C. (1976), The epidemiology of drug use among New York State high school students: Distribution, trends, and change in rates of use
  58. Kandel, D. B. & Chen, K. (2000), Types of marijuana users by longitudinal course
  59. Kandel, D. & Yamaguchi, K. (1993), From beer to crack: Developmental patterns of drug involvement
  60. Kandel, D. B., Yamaguchi, K. & Chen, K. (1992), Stages of progression in drug involvement from adolescence to adulthood: Further evidence for the gateway theory
  61. Kao, T. C., Schneider, S. J. & Hoffman, K. J. (2000), Co-occurrence of alcohol, smokeless tobacco, cigarette, and illicit drug use by lower ranking military personnel
  62. Khoury, E.L., Warheit, G. J., Zimmerman, R. S., Vega, W. A. & Gil, A. G. (1996), Gender and ethnic differences in the prevalence of alcohol, cigarette, and illicit drug use over time in a cohort of young Hispanic adolescents in south Florida
  63. Klonoff, H. & Clark, C. (1976), Drug patterns in the chronic marijuana user
  64. Koob, G. F., Rocio, M., Carrera, A., Gold, L.H., Heyser, C. J., Maldonado-Irizarry, C., Markou, A., Parsons, L.H., Roberts, A. J, Schulteis, G., Stinus, L., Walker, J. R., Weissenborn, R. & Weiss, F. (1998), Substance dependence as a compulsive behavior
  65. Kosterman, R., Hawkins, J. D., Guo, J., Catalano, R. F. & Abbott, R. D. (2000), The dynamics of alcohol and marijuana initiation: Patterns and predictors of first use in adolescence
  66. Labouvie, E., Bates, M. E. & Pandina, R. J. (1997), Age of first use: Its reliability and predictive utility
  67. Lane, D. A. 1976, 'Predictors of drug use
  68. Lawson, T. R. & Winstead, D. K., (1978), Toward a theory of drug use
  69. Lewinsohn, P. M., Rohde, P. & Brown, R. A. (1999), Level of current and past adolescent cigarette smoking as predictors of future substance use disorders in young adulthood
  70. Lindsay, G. B. & Rainey, J. (1997), Psychosocial and pharmacologic explanations of nicotine's "gateway drug" function
  71. Logan, F. A. (1993), Animal learning and motivation and addictive drugs
  72. Lynskey, M. T., Fergusson, D. M. & Horwood, L. J. (1998), The origins of the correlations between tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis use during adolescence
  73. Mackesy-Amiti, M. E., Fendrich, M. & Goldstein, P. J. (1997), Sequence of drug use among serious drug users: Typical vs atypical progression
  74. MacNeil, G., Kaufman, A. V., Dressler, W. W. & LeCroy, C. W. (1999), Psychosocial moderators of substance use among middle school-aged adolescents
  75. Manwell, L. B., Fleming, M. F., Johnson, K. & Barry, K. L. (1998), Tobacco, alcohol, and drug use in a primary care sample: 90-day prevalence and associated factors
  76. McDermott, D. (1984), The relationship of parental drug use and parents' attitude concerning adolescent drug use to adolescent drug use
  77. McGlothlin, W., Jamison, K. & Rosenblatt, S. (1970), Marijuana and the use of other drugs
  78. Merrill, J. C., Kleber, H. D., Shwartz, M., Liu, H. & Lewis, S. R. (1999), Cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, other risk behaviors, and American youth
  79. Miller, N. S., Guttman, J. C. & Chawla, S. (1997), Integration of generalized vulnerability to drug and alcohol addiction
  80. Miller, T. Q. (1994), A test of alternative explanations for the stage-like progression of adolescent substance use in four national samples
  81. Moncher, M. S., Holden, G. W. & Schinke, S. P. (1991), Psychosocial correlates of adolescent substance use: A review of current etiological constructs
  82. Montoya, I. D., Atkinson, J. S. & Trevino, R. A. (2000), Economics as a factor in models of behavioral motivation and change
  83. Norton, E. C., Lindrooth, R. C. & Ennett, S. T. (1998), Controlling for the endogeneity of peer substance use on adolescent alcohol and tobacco use
  84. O'Donnell, J. A. (1979), Cigarette smoking as a precursor of illicit drug use
  85. Okwumabua, J. O. & Duryea, E. J. (1987), Age of onset, periods of risk, and patterns of progression in drug use among American Indian high school students
  86. O'Malley, P. M., Johnston, L. D. & Bachman, J. G. (1995), Adolescent substance use: Epidemiology and implications for public policy
  87. Pacula, R. L. (1997), Economic modelling of the gateway effect
  88. Peele, S. (1987), The limitations of control-of-supply models for explaining and preventing alcoholism and drug addiction
  89. Perkonigg, A., Lieb, R., Wittchen, H. U. (1998), Substance use, abuse and dependence in Germany. A review of selected epidemiological data
  90. Raveis, V. H. & Kandel, D. B. (1987), Changes in drug behavior from the middle to the late twenties: Initiation, persistence, and cessation of use
  91. Shillington, A. M. & Clapp, J. D. (2000), Self-report stability of adolescent substance use: Are there differences for gender, ethnicity and age?
  92. Showalter, M. H. (1999), Firm behavior in a market with addiction: The case of cigarettes
  93. Sobeck, J., Abbey, A., Agius, E., Clinton, M. & Harrison, K. (2000), Predicting early adolescent substance use: Do risk factors differ depending on age of onset?
  94. Sussman, S., Dent, C. W., Galaif, E. R. (1997), The correlates of substance abuse and dependence among adolescents at high risk for drug abuse
  95. Sutherland, I. & Willner, P. (1998), Patterns of alcohol, cigarette and illicit drug use in English adolescents
  96. Taub, D. E. & Skinner, W. F. (1990), A social bonding-drug progression model of amphetamine use among young women
  97. Thorlindsson, T. & Vilhjalmsson, R. (1991), Factors related to cigarette smoking and alcohol use among adolescents
  98. Torabi, M. R., Bailey, W. J. & Majd-Jabbari, M. (1993), Cigarette smoking as a predictor of alcohol and other drug use by children and adolescents: Evidence of the "gateway drug effect"
  99. Unger, J. B., Johnson, C. A. & Rohrbach, L. A. (1995), Recognition and liking of tobacco and alcohol advertisements among adolescents: Relationships with susceptibility to substance use
  100. Van Etten, M. L., Neumark, Y. D. & Anthony, J. C. (1997), Initial opportunity to use marijuana and the transition to first use: United States, 1979-1994
  101. Webb, E., Ashton, H., Kelly, P. & Kamali, F. (1997), Patterns of alcohol consumption, smoking and illicit drug use in British university students: Interfaculty comparisons
  102. Weinberg, N. Z., Rahdert, E., Colliver, J. D. & Glantz, M. D. (1998), Adolescent substance abuse: A review of the past 10 years
  103. Werch, C. E. & Anzalone, D. (1995), Stage theory and research on tobacco, alcohol, and other drug use
  104. White, H. R. (1988), Longitudinal patterns of cocaine use among adolescents
  105. Windle, M. & Windle, R. C. (1999), Adolescent tobacco, alcohol, and drug use: Current findings
  106. Wiseman, E. J. & McMillan, D. E. (1996), Combined use of cocaine with alcohol or cigarettes
  107. Yamaguchi, K. & Kandel, D. B. (1984), Patterns of drug use from adolescence to young adulthood II: Sequences of progression
  108. Yamaguchi, K. & Kandel, D. B. (1984), Patterns of drug use from adolescence to young adulthood III: Predictors of progression
  109. Yang, M. S., Yang, M. J., Liu, Y. H. & Ko, Y. C. (1998), Prevalence and related risk factors of licit and illicit substances use by adolescent students in southern Taiwan
  110. Yu, J. & Williford, W. R. (1992), The age of alcohol onset and alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use patterns: An analysis of drug use progression of young adults in New York State
  111. Yu, J. & Williford, W. R. (1994), Alcohol, other drugs, and criminality: A structural analysis