Evaluation of the National Action Plan to Combat Modern Slavery 2020–25

URLs correct as at May 2026

AGD—see Attorney-General’s Department

Anti-Slavery Australia 2022. My Blue Sky. https://mybluesky.org.au/

Attorney-General’s Department 2026. Modern Slavery Statements Register. https://modernslaveryregister.gov.au/

Attorney-General’s Department 2025a. Modern slavery remediation toolkit for business. Canberra: Attorney-General’s Department. https://modernslaveryregister.gov.au/resources/

Attorney-General’s Department 2025b. Overview of state and territory victims of crime financial assistance schemes and their availability to victims and survivors of modern slavery. Canberra: Attorney-General’s Department. https://www.ag.gov.au/crime/publications/overview-state-and-territory-victims-crime-financial-assistance-schemes

Attorney-General’s Department 2024. Modern slavery lived experience engagement and empowerment: Values, principles and practical guidance to support trauma-informed engagement and empowerment in Australia. https://www.ag.gov.au/crime/publications/modern-slavery-lived-experience-engagement-and-empowerment

Attorney-General’s Department 2023. Targeted review of Divisions 270 and 271 of the Criminal Code Act 1995 (Cth). Canberra: Attorney-General’s Department. https://consultations.ag.gov.au/crime/modern-slavery-offences/

Australian Catholic Religious Against Trafficking in Humans 2026. Educating for change. https://acrath.org.au/resources/educating-for-change/

Australian Federal Police 2023. Human trafficking reports continue to increase in Australia. Media release, 8 December. https://www.afp.gov.au/news-centre/media-release/human-trafficking-reports-continue-increase-australia

Australian Government nd. Australian Anti-Slavery Commissioner. https://www.antislaverycommissioner.gov.au/

Australian Government 2024. Modern slavery in Australia. https://www.modernslavery.gov.au/

Australian Government 2020. National Action Plan to Combat Modern Slavery 2020–25. Canberra: Australian Government. https://www.ag.gov.au/crime/publications/national-action-plan-combat-modern-slavery-2020-25

Australian Government 2014. National Action Plan to Combat Human Trafficking and Slavery 2015–19. Canberra: Australian Government. https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/criminal-justice/files/trafficking-national-action-plan-combat-human-trafficking-slavery-2015-19.pdf

Australian Muslim Women’s Centre for Human Rights 2023. Recognising and responding to forced marriage: A guide for working with young people. Clifton Hill: Australian Muslim Women’s Centre for Human Rights. https://www.modernslavery.gov.au/guidance-training-resources/resources/recognising-responding-forced-marriage-guide-working-young-people

Bali Process on People Smuggling, Trafficking in Persons and Related Transnational Crime 2021. Compendium of good practice examples to combat exploitation in supply chains. Indonesia: The Bali Process. https://www.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl486/files/iscm/materials/compendiumofgoodpracticeexamplestocombatexploitation
insupplychains.pdf

Berg L & Farbenblum B 2026. Off the books: Inside Australia’s hidden system of migrant worker exploitation. Sydney: Migrant Justice Institute. https://www.migrantjustice.org/reports

Boxall H, Lyneham S, Black C & Gannoni A 2023. Sexual exploitation in Australia: Victim-survivor support needs and barriers to support provision. Research Report no. 29. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology. https://doi.org/10.52922/rr77154

Bricknell S & McDonald A 2025. Modern slavery in Australia 2024–25. Statistical Report no. 56. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology. https://doi.org/10.52922/sr78205

Brown R, Napier S & Smith RG 2020. Australians who view live streaming of child sexual abuse: An analysis of financial transactions. Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice no. 589. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology. https://doi.org/10.52922/ti04336

Chazal N 2023. Hidden victims, intergenerational trauma: Supporting the dependants of modern slavery victim-survivors in Australia. Adelaide: University of South Australia. https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/items/2e7ebf24-a327-433f-88a6-9709a0548be8

Cubitt T, Napier S & Brown R 2021. Predicting prolific live streaming of child sexual abuse. Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice no. 634. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology. https://doi.org/10.52922/ti78320

Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2025. Performance of Australian Development Cooperation Report 2023–24. Canberra: DFAT. https://www.dfat.gov.au/publications/development/performance-of-australian-development-cooperation-report-2023-2024

Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2024. Performance of Australian Development Cooperation Report 2022–23. Canberra: DFAT. https://www.dfat.gov.au/publications/development/performance-australian-development-cooperation-report-2022-23

Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2023a. Australia’s International Development Performance and Delivery Framework. Canberra: DFAT. https://www.dfat.gov.au/publications/development/australias-development-policy-performance-and-delivery-framework

Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2023b. Australia’s International Development Policy. Canberra: DFAT. https://www.dfat.gov.au/publications/development/australias-international-development-policy

Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2022. International engagement strategy on human trafficking and modern slavery: Delivering in partnership. Canberra: DFAT. https://www.dfat.gov.au/publications/international-relations/international-engagement-strategy-human-trafficking-and-modern-slavery-delivering-partnership-2022

Department of Home Affairs 2024. Targeted review of Australia’s visa framework to identify and reduce vulnerabilities to human trafficking and modern slavery. Canberra: Department of Home Affairs. https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/reports-and-publications/reviews-and-inquiries/departmental-reviews

DFAT—see Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade

Dinshaw F et al. 2022. Broken promises: Two years of corporate reporting under Australia’s Modern Slavery Act. Sydney: Australian Human Rights Institute. https://www.humanrights.unsw.edu.au/research/testing-effectiveness-Australia-modern-slavery-act

Doherty L & Dowling C 2026. Strengthening Australia’s criminal justice response to modern slavery: A rapid assessment. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology. https://doi.org/10.52922/sp78342

Dowling C 2024. Police training in responding to family, domestic and sexual violence. Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice no. 689. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology. https://doi.org/10.52922/ti77390

Gannoni A & Bricknell S 2024. Findings from the Human Trafficking and Modern Slavery National Minimum Dataset pilot, July to December 2022. Statistical Report no. 48. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology. https://doi.org/10.52922/sr77703

Gannoni A, Voce A, Napier S & Boxall H 2024. Guiding principles for developing initiatives to prevent child sexual abuse material offending. Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice no. 696. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology. https://doi.org/10.52922/ti77475

Gannoni A, Voce A, Napier S, Boxall H & Thomsen D 2023. Preventing child sexual abuse material offending: An international review of initiatives. Research Report no. 28. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology. https://doi.org/10.52922/rr78764

HerSpace 2025. Trauma-informed practice: A national guide for modern slavery response and survivor care. Melbourne: HerSpace. https://www.herspace.org.au/s/FA_HerSpace_National-guide_22.pdf

ILO—see International Labour Organization

International Labour Organization, Walk Free Foundation & International Organization for Migration 2022. Global estimates of modern slavery: Forced labour and forced marriage. Geneva: International Labour Office, Walk Free Foundation & International Organization for Migration. https://www.ilo.org/publications/major-publications/global-estimates-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage

International Labour Organization, Walk Free Foundation & International Organization for Migration 2017. Global estimates of modern slavery: Forced labour and forced marriage. Geneva: International Labour Office, Walk Free Foundation & International Organization for Migration. https://www.ilo.org/publications/global-estimates-modern-slavery-forced-labour-and-forced-marriage

International Organization for Migration 2026. Prevention of trafficking in persons. https://emm.iom.int/handbooks/trafficking-persons-and-associated-forms-exploitation-and-abuse/prevention-trafficking

International Organization for Migration 2022. Protecting migrant workers in Indo-Pacific supply chains: A good practice guide for businesses and Bali Process member states. Thailand: International Organization for Migration. https://publications.iom.int/books/protecting-migrant-workers-indo-pacific-supply-chains-good-practice-guide-businesses-and-bali

Legislative Assembly Legal and Social Issues Committee 2025. Lived experiences of cults and high‑control groups: Insights from the anonymous questionnaire. Report of the inquiry into recruitment methods and impacts of cults and organised fringe groups. Melbourne: Parliament of Victoria. https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/cofg-questionnaire-insights

Lyneham S 2021. Attrition of human trafficking and slavery cases through the Australian criminal justice system. Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice no. 640. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology. https://doi.org/10.52922/ti78443

Lyneham S, Dowling C & Bricknell S 2019. Estimating the dark figure of human trafficking and slavery victimisation in Australia. Statistical Bulletin no. 16. Canberra. Australian Institute of Criminology. https://doi.org/10.52922/sb09388

Lyneham S & Voce I 2020. Review of the National Action Plan to Combat Human Trafficking and Slavery 2015–19. Research Report no. 17. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology. https://doi.org/10.52922/rr04763

Marshall et al. 2023. Australia’s Modern Slavery Act: Is it fit for purpose? Sydney: Australian Human Rights Institute. https://www.humanrights.unsw.edu.au/research/testing-effectiveness-Australia-modern-slavery-act

McDonald A & Bricknell S 2025. Modern slavery in Australia 2022–23. Statistical Report no. 54. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology. https://doi.org/10.52922/sr78052

McMillan J 2023. Report of the statutory review of the Modern Slavery Act 2018 (Cth): The first three years. Canberra: Attorney-General’s Department. https://www.ag.gov.au//crime/publications/report-statutory-review-modern-slavery-act-2018-cth

Napier S, Teunissen C & Boxall H 2021a. How do child sexual abuse live streaming offenders access victims? Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice no. 642. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology. https://doi.org/10.52922/ti78474

Napier S, Teunissen C & Boxall H 2021b. Live streaming of child sexual abuse: An analysis of offender chat logs. Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice no. 639. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology. https://doi.org/10.52922/ti78375

National Roundtable on Human Trafficking and Slavery 2025. Practice guidelines for organisations: Working with people in or at risk of modern slavery, 4th ed. https://www.modernslavery.gov.au/guidance-training-resources/resources/practice-guidelines-organisations

Nolan J et al. 2023. Good practice toolkit: Strengthening modern slavery responses. Sydney: Australian Human Rights Institute. https://www.humanrights.unsw.edu.au/research/testing-effectiveness-Australia-modern-slavery-act

Pham N, Cui B & Ruthbah U 2025. Modern slavery disclosure quality ratings ASX100 companies update: FY2024 Modern Slavery Statements. Melbourne: Monash University. https://doi.org/10.26180/30690575

Pham N, Cui B & Ruthbah U 2024a. Modern slavery disclosure quality ASX100 companies update: FY2022 Modern Slavery Statements. Research brief. Melbourne: Monash University. https://doi.org/10.26180/24419881

Pham N, Cui B & Ruthbah U 2024b. Modern slavery disclosure quality ASX100 companies update: FY2023 Modern Slavery Statements. Research brief. Melbourne: Monash University. https://doi.org/10.26180/27645072

Pham N, Cui B & Ruthbah U 2022. Modern slavery disclosure quality ratings: ASX 100 companies update 2022. Research brief. Melbourne: Monash University. https://doi.org/10.26180/20224614

Pham N, Cui B & Ruthbah U 2021. Modern slavery statement disclosure quality: ASX100 companies. Research brief. Melbourne: Monash University. https://www.monash.edu/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/2652887/MCFS-Research-brief_Modern-Slavery-Statement-ASX100-3-1.pdf

Salvation Army nd. Additional Referral Pathway Program. https://www.salvationarmy.org.au/scribe/sites/additional-referral-pathway/files/Resources/Additional_Referral_PowerPoint.pdf

Sinclair A & Dinshaw F 2022. Paper promises? Evaluating the early impact of Australia’s Modern Slavery Act. Sydney: Australian Human Rights Institute. https://www.humanrights.unsw.edu.au/research/testing-effectiveness-Australia-modern-slavery-act

Survivor Connections, Fair Futures & Project Respect 2026. Learning from experience: The role of economic empowerment in preventing exploitation. NSW: Fair Futures. https://fairfutures.com/publications

Teunissen C, Boxall H, Napier S & Brown R 2022. The sexual exploitation of Australian children on dating apps and websites. Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice no. 658. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology. https://doi.org/10.52922/ti78757

Teunissen C, Cahill M, Napier S, Cubitt T, Boxall H & Brown R 2024. Sexual exploitation of children on dating platforms and experiences of revictimisation as an adult. Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice no. 697. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology. https://doi.org/10.52922/ti77482

Teunissen C & Napier S 2023. The overlap between child sexual abuse live streaming, contact abuse and other forms of child exploitation. Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice no. 671. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology. https://doi.org/10.52922/ti78993

Teunissen C & Napier S 2022. Child sexual abuse material and end-to-end encryption on social media platforms: An overview. Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice no. 653. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology. https://doi.org/10.52922/ti78634

Teunissen C, Thomsen D, Napier S & Boxall H 2024. Risk factors for receiving requests to facilitate child sexual exploitation and abuse on dating apps and websites. Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice no. 686. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology. https://doi.org/10.52922/ti77291

United Nations General Assembly 2010. United Nations Global Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking in Persons. A/RES/64/293. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/687201

Walk Free Foundation 2023. The Global Slavery Index 2023. https://www.walkfree.org/global-slavery-index/

Whereto 2025. Evaluation of the Support for Trafficked People Program report. Canberra: Department of Social Services. https://www.dss.gov.au/human-trafficking-and-slavery/resource/evaluation-support-trafficked-people-program-report