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In Australia, three defendants in two cases have been charged and prosecuted for 'slavery' or 'trafficking in persons' under the Criminal Code (Cth), in circumstances where the crimes have allegedly occurred in contexts other than the sex industry. These cases tend to be described as instances of 'labour trafficking', even though the parameters of this phrase are far from settled (see further AIC 2009). This brief describes the progression of these two cases through the Australian court system, with varying outcomes.

The events of 11 September 2001 have heightened interest in ensuring that all sectors of the financial system are not misused either by criminal or terrorist groups. In addition to conventional banks, money and value can be transferred by alternative remittance providers who have, until recently, not been closely regulated. Regulators are concerned that the informal nature of these businesses may lead to their use by terrorist groups and other criminals.

Note: This is an abridged, updated version of the 1988 South Australian Justice Administration Foundation Oration presented at the South Australian Police Academy, Fort Largs on 13 July 1988.

Contents

• The nature of domestic violence
• The extent of the problem
• The costs of domestic violence
• Community attitudes
• The victims
• The perpetrators
• Legislating against domestic violence
• Policing domestic violence

Contents

• What is child abuse?
• How widespread is the problem of child abuse?
• What are the effects of child abuse?
• What causes child abuse and who are the abusers?
• What has been done?
• What needs to be done in the future?
• How can this be achieved?
• Conclusion

Sport is a basic feature of Australian culture. The achievements of Australian athletes have enhanced our image as a nation. Participation in sporting activities contributes to the health of millions of Australians; the teamwork and fair play which Australians learn on the playing field provide the basis for a good society.

Has violence in the workplace increased? Some sectors of the community believe that it has. Certainly the headlines on this page illustrate the justifiable anxieties of some of our public contact workers. Many public transport workers have been verbally or physically abused by the travelling public. For example, earlier this year a Canberra bus driver suffered a heart attack and died following an altercation with a man who refused to pay a bus fare. Banking staff have to cope with irate, aggressive customers as well as the prospect of facing a professional, violent criminal.

Contents

• The television program standards
• Community attitudes to violence on television
• What needs to be done
• Conclusion
• References

Contents

• Personal conflict : the origin of most violence
• Early intervention
• Litigation versus mediation
• What is alternative dispute resolution?
• Referral
• Crime and dispute settlement
• Victims
• Domestic intervention

Contents

• Introduction
• What is racist violence?
• National inquiry into racist violence
• Information collection
• Size of the problem
• Who are the victims?
• Impact on victims
• What can be done?
• An Aboriginal perspective

Researchers and professionals have argued for decades about whether or not the portrayal of violence in the various media causes violence in society. Laboratory experiments, field research and correlational studies have all been used as investigative tools. Some studies have suggested that there is a direct causal relationship between violence in entertainment and violent behaviour, and others have concluded that there is no association whatsoever. Most studies have shown that there is some sort of relationship or association.